Employment Creating Urban Public Works Programmes: Outline of a Strategy

Are contributions to public pension programmes a tax on employment?†

Many studies describe the potentially adverse impact on employment of the payroll costs of financing public pension programmes. Conventionally, empirical studies treat contributions to public pension programmes as a pure tax (in for example, calculations of the tax wedge by OECD). But this approach ignores any future rights to benefits that are perceived by contributors. In fact, public pension...

Book Review: Convivial Urban Spaces: Creating Effective Public Places

The role of spatial changes of employment and activity in creating the lack of appropriate urban cores (case study; Tehran)

Background and objective: The spatial structure of cities depends on the different and mutual relationships of all forces and factors in the city. These factors include market forces, activities, urban infrastructures and various services, which always have a complex and reciprocal relationship. In today's world, one of the basic challenges in cities is to create a balanced spatial structure th...

book review: convivial urban spaces: creating effective public places

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Why Guarantee Employment? Evidence from a Large Indian Public-Works Program

Public-works programs in developing countries have recently attracted a lot of attention as anti-poverty initiatives. This paper analyzes the labor-market impacts of the largest public-works program in the world, the Indian NREGS, using information about its rollout in a regression-discontinuity design. The results suggest that the overall employment and casual wage impacts are small, although ...